Roman Coin Ngc

Septimius Severus XF ROMAN COINS, AD 193-211. AR Denarius. MAX/015


Septimius Severus XF ROMAN COINS, AD 193-211. AR Denarius. MAX/015
Septimius Severus XF ROMAN COINS, AD 193-211. AR Denarius. MAX/015
Septimius Severus XF ROMAN COINS, AD 193-211. AR Denarius. MAX/015
Septimius Severus XF ROMAN COINS, AD 193-211. AR Denarius. MAX/015
Septimius Severus XF ROMAN COINS, AD 193-211. AR Denarius. MAX/015
Septimius Severus XF ROMAN COINS, AD 193-211. AR Denarius. MAX/015

Septimius Severus XF ROMAN COINS, AD 193-211. AR Denarius. MAX/015   Septimius Severus XF ROMAN COINS, AD 193-211. AR Denarius. MAX/015
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Bust of Septimius Severus at Musei Capitolini. Lucius Septimius Severus 11 April 145 Leptis Magna. 4 February 211 (aged 65) Eboracum. Imperator Caesar Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax Augustus.

Preceded by Year of the Five Emperors. Followed by Crisis of the Third Century. 11 April 145 4 February 211 was Roman emperor. He was born in Leptis Magna. In the Roman province of Africa.

As a young man he advanced through the customary succession of offices. Under the reigns of Marcus Aurelius. Severus seized power after the death of Emperor Pertinax. In 193 during the Year of the Five Emperors. After deposing and killing the incumbent emperor Didius Julianus. Severus fought his rival claimants, the Roman generals Pescennius Niger. Niger was defeated in 194 at the Battle of Issus. Later that year Severus waged a short punitive campaign beyond the eastern frontier, annexing the Kingdom of Osroene. Severus defeated Albinus three years later at the Battle of Lugdunum. After consolidating his rule over the western provinces, Severus waged another brief, more successful war in the east against the Parthian Empire. In 197 and expanding the eastern frontier to the Tigris. He then enlarged and fortified the Limes Arabicus. In 202, he campaigned in Africa. And expanding the Limes Tripolitanus. Along the southern desert frontier of the empire. He proclaimed as Augusti (co-emperors) his elder son Caracalla. In 198 and his younger son Geta. In 209, both born of his second wife Julia Domna. In 208, strengthening Hadrian's Wall. And reoccupying the Antonine Wall. In AD 209 he invaded Caledonia (modern Scotland) with an army of 50,000 men.

But his ambitions were cut short when he fell fatally ill of an infectious disease in late 210. He died in early 211 at Eboracum. (today York, England), and was succeeded by his sons, thus founding the Severan dynasty. It was the last dynasty of the Roman Empire before the Crisis of the Third Century.

Born on 11 April 145 at Leptis Magna. As the son of Publius Septimius Geta. Septimius Severus came from a wealthy and distinguished family of equestrian.

Roman ancestry on his mother's side, and was descended from Punic. Forebears on his father's side. Severus' father, an obscure provincial, held no major political status, but he had two cousins, Publius Septimius Aper and Gaius Septimius Severus, who served as consuls under the emperor Antoninus Pius. His mother's ancestors had moved from Italy. They belonged to the gens Fulvia. Septimius Severus had two siblings: an elder brother, Publius Septimius Geta. And a younger sister, Septimia Octavilla. Severus's maternal cousin was the praetorian prefect. And consul Gaius Fulvius Plautianus. Septimius Severus grew up in Leptis Magna. He spoke the local Punic language. Fluently, but he was also educated in Latin.

Which he spoke with a slight accent. Little else is known of the young Severus' education but, according to Cassius Dio. The boy had been eager for more education than he actually received. Presumably Severus received lessons in oratory. At the age of 17 he gave his first public speech.

Of Septimius Severus, minted in 202. The reverse feature the portraits of Geta (right), Julia Domna. Inscription:SEVERus Pius AVGustus Pontifex Maximus, TRibunus Plebis X, COnSul III / FELICITAS SAECVLI. Severus sought a public career in Rome. At the recommendation of his relative Gaius Septimius Severus, Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Granted him entry into the senatorial ranks.

Membership in the senatorial order was a prerequisite to attain positions within the cursus honorum. And to gain entry into the Roman Senate. Nevertheless, it appears that Severus' career during the 160s met with some difficulties. It is likely that he served as a vigintivir.

In Rome, overseeing road maintenance in or near the city, and he may have appeared in court as an advocate. At the time of Marcus Aurelius he was the State Attorney (Advocatus fisci). However, he omitted the military tribunate. From the cursus honorum and had to delay his quaestorship. Until he had reached the required minimum age of 25.

To make matters worse, the Antonine Plague. Swept through the capital in 166.

With his career at a halt, Severus decided to temporarily return to Leptis, where the climate was healthier. According to the Historia Augusta.

A usually unreliable source, he was prosecuted for adultery. During this time but the case was ultimately dismissed.

At the end of 169 Severus was of the required age to become a quaestor and journeyed back to Rome. December, he took office and was officially enrolled in the Roman Senate. Between 170 and 180 his activities went largely unrecorded, in spite of the fact that he occupied an impressive number of posts in quick succession.

Had thinned the senatorial ranks and, with capable men now in short supply, Severus' career advanced more steadily than it otherwise might have. The sudden death of his father necessitated another return to Leptis Magna to settle family affairs.

Before he was able to leave Africa, Mauri. Control of the province was handed over to the Emperor, while the Senate gained temporary control of Sardinia. Thus, Septimius Severus spent the remainder of his second term as quaestor on the island of Sardinia.

In 173, Severus' kinsman Gaius Septimius Severus was appointed proconsul. Of the Province of Africa. The elder Severus chose his cousin as one of his two legati pro praetore.

A senior legislative position, with the distinction of being the candidatus of the emperor. Busts of Septimius Severus (left) and Julia Domna (right), Munich Glyptotek.

About 175, Septimius Severus, in his early thirties at the time, contracted his first marriage, to Paccia Marciana. A woman from Leptis Magna. He probably met her during his tenure as legate. Marciana's name suggests Punic or Libyan origin, but nothing else is known of her. Septimius Severus does not mention her in his autobiography, though he commemorated her with statues when he became Emperor.

The unreliable Historia Augusta claims that Marciana and Severus had two daughters, but no other attestation of them has survived. It appears that the marriage produced no surviving children, despite lasting for more than ten years.

Marciana died of natural causes around 186. Septimius Severus, now in his forties, childless and eager to remarry, began enquiring into the horoscopes of prospective brides. The Historia Augusta relates that he heard of a woman in Syria of whom it had been foretold that she would marry a king, and so Severus sought her as his wife. This woman was an Emesan Syrian.

Descended from the Arab Emesan dynasty. And served as a high priest. To the local cult of the sun god Elagabal. Domna's older sister, Julia Maesa. Would become the grandmother of the future emperors Elagabalus. Bassianus accepted Severus' marriage proposal in early 187, and in the summer the couple married in Lugdunum. France, of which Severus was the governor.

The marriage proved happy, and Severus cherished Julia and her political opinions. Julia built "the most splendid reputation" by applying herself to letters and philosophy. They had two sons, Lucius Septimius Bassianus. Later nicknamed Caracalla, born 4.

April 188 in Lugdunum and Publius Septimius Geta. 199, Severus, Julia Domna, Caracalla and Geta, whose face is erased.

In 191, on the advice of Quintus Aemilius Laetus. Prefect of the Praetorian Guard. Appointed Severus as governor of Pannonia Superior. Commodus was assassinated the following year. Was acclaimed emperor, but he was then killed by the Praetorian Guard in early 193. In response to the murder of Pertinax, Severus's legion XIV Gemina. Proclaimed him Emperor at Carnuntum. Nearby legions, such as X Gemina. Having assembled an army, Severus hurried to Italy.

Pertinax's successor in Rome, Didius Julianus. Julianus was condemned to death by the Senate and killed. Severus took possession of Rome without opposition. He executed Pertinax's murderers and dismissed the rest of the Praetorian Guard. Filling its ranks with loyal troops from his own legions.

At the same time Severus felt it reasonable to offer Clodius Albinus. The powerful governor of Britannia.

Who had probably supported Didius against him, the rank of Caesar. Which implied some claim to succession. With his rear safe, he moved to the East and crushed Niger's forces at the Battle of Issus.

He ordered that the tomb of his fellow-Carthaginian. Be covered with fine marble. He devoted the following year to suppressing Mesopotamia. Vassals who had backed Niger.

Afterwards Severus declared his son Caracalla. As his successor, which caused Albinus to be hailed emperor by his troops and to invade Gallia. After a short stay in Rome, Severus moved north to meet him. February 197 at the Battle of Lugdunum.

With an army of about 75,000 men, mostly composed of Pannonian. Legions and a large number of auxiliaries, Severus defeated and killed Clodius Albinus, securing his full control over the empire. The Roman Empire in 210 after the conquests of Severus. Depicted is Roman territory (purple) and Roman dependencies (light purple). Minted in 193 by Septimius Severus, to celebrate XIIII Gemina Martia Victrix.

The legion that proclaimed him emperor. In early 197 Severus departed Rome and travelled to the east by sea. And probably landed at the port of Aegeae. He immediately gathered his army and crossed the Euphrates. Titular King of Osroene but essentially only the ruler of Edessa.

Since the annexation of his kingdom as a Roman province, handed over his children as hostages and assisted Severus' expedition by providing archers. King Khosrov I of Armenia. Severus traveled on to Nisibis. Which his general Julius Laetus. Had prevented from falling into enemy hands.

The following year he led another, more successful campaign against the Parthian Empire, reportedly in retaliation for the support it had given to Pescennius Niger. His legions sacked the Parthian royal city of Ctesiphon. And he annexed the northern half of Mesopotamia. To the empire, taking the title Parthicus Maximus , following the example of Trajan.

However, he was unable to capture the fortress of Hatra. Even after two lengthy sieges, just like Trajan who had tried nearly a century before. During his time in the east, though, he also expanded the Limes Arabicus.

Building new fortifications in the Arabian Desert. Relations with the Senate and People. Severus' relations with the Senate. Severus ordered the execution of a large number of Senators on charges of corruption or conspiracy. Against him and replaced them with his favourites. Although his actions turned Rome more into a military dictatorship. He was popular with the citizens of Rome, having stamped out the rampant corruption of Commodus's reign. According to Cassius Dio, however, after 197 Severus fell heavily under the influence of his Praetorian Prefect, Gaius Fulvius Plautianus. Who came to have almost total control of the imperial administration. Plautianus's daughter, Fulvia Plautilla. Was married to Severus's son, Caracalla. Plautianus's excessive power came to an end in 204, when he was denounced by the Emperor's dying brother.

In January 205 Caracalla accused Plautianus of plotting to kill him and Severus. The powerful prefect was executed while he was trying to defend his case in front of the two emperors. One of the two following praefecti was the famous jurist Papinian.

Executions of senators did not stop: Cassius Dio records that many of them were put to death, some after being formally tried. Bronze head of Septimius Severus, from Asia Minor, c.

195211 AD, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. XIIII, CEM M V - TRP COS. Upon his arrival at Rome in 193, Severus discharged the Praetorian Guard. Which had murdered Pertinax and had then auctioned the Roman Empire to Didius Julianus. Its members were stripped of their ceremonial armour and forbidden to come within 160 kilometres (99 mi) miles of the city on pain of death.

Severus replaced the old guard with 10 new cohorts recruited from veterans of his Danubian legions. Around 197 he increased the number of legions from 30 to 33, with the introduction of the three new legions: I, II, and III Parthica. He garrisoned Legio II Parthica. Only 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Rome.

He gave his soldiers a donative. Each, and raised the annual wage for a soldier in the legions from 300 to 400 denarii. Severus was the first Roman emperor to station some of the imperial army in Italy.

He realized that Rome needed a military central reserve with the capability to be sent anywhere. At the beginning of Severus' reign, Trajan.

S policy toward the Christians was still in force. That is, Christians were only to be punished if they refused to worship the emperor and the gods, but they were not to be sought out.

Therefore, persecution was inconsistent, local, and sporadic. Faced with internal dissidence and external threats, Severus felt the need to promote religious harmony by promoting syncretism. He, possibly, issued an edict that punished conversion to Judaism and Christianity. Of Christians occurred in the Roman Empire during his reign and are traditionally attributed to Severus by the early Christian community.

This is based on the decree mentioned in the Historia Augusta. An unreliable mix of fact and fiction. Described Severus as a persecutor. Stated that Severus was well disposed towards Christians, employed a Christian as his personal physician and had personally intervened to save several high-born Christians known to him from the mob. Eusebius' description of Severus as a persecutor likely derives merely from the fact that numerous persecutions occurred during his reign, including those known in the Roman Martyrology. As the martyrs of Madauros. These were probably the result of local persecutions rather than empire-wide actions or decrees by Severus. The expansion of the African frontier during the reign of Severus (medium tan).

Severus even briefly held a military presence in Garama in 203 (light tan). In late 202 Severus launched a campaign in the province of Africa.

Had been fighting against the Garamantes. He captured several settlements such as Cydamus.

Gholaia, Garbia, and their capital Garama. Over 600 kilometres (370 mi) south of Leptis Magna. Was also enlarged: the empire annexed the settlements of Vescera. By 203 the entire southern frontier of Roman Africa had been dramatically expanded and re-fortified.

Desert nomads could no longer safely raid the region's interior and escape back into the Sahara. In 208 Severus travelled to Britain with the intention of conquering Caledonia.

Modern archaeological discoveries illuminate the scope and direction of his northern campaign. Severus probably arrived in Britain with an army over 40,000, considering some of the camps constructed during his campaign could house this number. He strengthened Hadrian's Wall. And reconquered the Southern Uplands. Up to the Antonine Wall.

Severus built a 165-acre (67 ha) camp south of the Antonine Wall at Trimontium. Probably assembling his forces there. Supported and supplied by a strong naval force, Severus then thrust north with his army across the wall into Caledonian territory.

Retracing the steps of Agricola. Of over a century before, Severus rebuilt and garrisoned many abandoned Roman forts along the east coast, such as Carpow. Ring with portraits of Septimus Severus and Julia Domna.

A testimony to Indo-Roman relations. Around this time Severus' wife, Julia Domna, reportedly criticised the sexual morals of the Caledonian women. The wife of Caledonian chief Argentocoxos replied: "We fulfill the demands of nature in a much better way than do you Roman women; for we consort openly with the best men, whereas you let yourselves be debauched in secret by the vilest". S account of the invasion reads. Severus, accordingly, desiring to subjugate the whole of it, invaded Caledonia.

But as he advanced through the country he experienced countless hardships in cutting down the forests, levelling the heights, filling up the swamps, and bridging the rivers; but he fought no battle and beheld no enemy in battle array. The enemy purposely put sheep and cattle in front of the soldiers for them to seize, in order that they might be lured on still further until they were worn out; for in fact the water caused great suffering to the Romans, and when they became scattered, they would be attacked. Then, unable to walk, they would be slain by their own men, in order to avoid capture, so that a full fifty thousand died. But Severus did not desist until he approached the extremity of the island. Here he observed most accurately the variation of the sun's motion and the length of the days and the nights in summer and winter respectively.

By 210 Severus' campaigning had made significant gains, despite Caledonian guerrilla tactics and purportedly heavy Roman casualties. The Caledonians sued for peace, which Severus granted on condition they relinquish control of the Central Lowlands. This is evidenced by extensive Severan-era fortifications in the Central Lowlands. The Caledonians, short on supplies and feeling that their position was desperate, revolted later that year with the Maeatae. Severus prepared for another protracted campaign within Caledonia.

He was now intent on exterminating the Caledonians, telling his soldiers: Let no-one escape sheer destruction, no-one our hands, not even the babe in the womb of the mother, if it be male; let it nevertheless not escape sheer destruction. Severus' campaign was cut short when he fell ill.

(York) and died there in 211. Although his son Caracalla continued campaigning the following year, he soon settled for peace. The Romans never campaigned deep into Caledonia again. Shortly after this the frontier was permanently withdrawn south to Hadrian's Wall.

Severus is famously said to have given the advice to his sons: "Be harmonious, enrich the soldiers, scorn all others" before he died on 4 February 211. On his death, Severus was deified. By the Senate and succeeded by his sons, Caracalla. Who were advised by his wife Julia Domna. Severus was buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian.

His remains are now lost. The Arch of Septimius Severus at Leptis Magna. Though his military expenditure was costly to the empire, Severus was a strong and able ruler. The Roman Empire reached its greatest extent under his reign over 5 million square kilometres.

His daring ambition was never diverted from its steady course by the allurements of pleasure, the apprehension of danger, or the feelings of humanity. His enlargement of the Limes Tripolitanus. The agricultural base of the empire where he was born. His victory over the Parthian Empire.

Was for a time decisive, securing Nisibis. For the empire and establishing a status quo of Roman dominance in the region until 251.

His policy of an expanded and better-rewarded army was criticised by his contemporaries Cassius Dio. The large and ongoing increase in military expenditure caused problems for all of his successors. To maintain his enlarged military, he debased the Roman currency.

Upon his accession he decreased the silver purity of the denarius. From 81.5% to 78.5%, although the silver weight actually increased, rising from 2.40 grams to 2.46 grams. Nevertheless, the following year he debased the denarius again because of rising military expenditures. The silver purity decreased from 78.5% to 64.5% the silver weight dropping from 2.46 grams to 1.98 grams.

In 196 he reduced the purity and silver weight of the denarius again, to 54% and 1.82 grams respectively. Was the largest since the reign of Nero. Compromising the long-term strength of the economy.

Severus was also distinguished for his buildings. Apart from the triumphal arch.

In the Roman Forum carrying his full name, he also built the Septizodium. He enriched his native city of Leptis Magna. Including commissioning a triumphal arch on the occasion of his visit of 203. The greater part of the Flavian Palace.

Was undertaken in his reign. Severan family tree by Coll MacInnes. The item "Septimius Severus XF ROMAN COINS, AD 193-211. MAX/015" is in sale since Monday, November 23, 2020. This item is in the category "Coins & Paper Money\Coins\ Ancient\Roman\ Imperial (27 BC-476 AD)".

bean_medals" and is located in Riga, centrs. This item can be shipped worldwide.

  1. Cleaned/Uncleaned: Cleaned
  2. Modified Item: No
  3. Composition: Silver
  4. Certification Number: 5770894-002
  5. Ruler: Septimius Severus
  6. Historical Period: Roman: Imperial (27 BC-476 AD)
  7. Certification: NGC
  8. Denomination: Denarius
  9. Date: AD 193-211
  10. Era: Ancient
  11. Grade: XF
  12. Year: AD 193-211


Septimius Severus XF ROMAN COINS, AD 193-211. AR Denarius. MAX/015   Septimius Severus XF ROMAN COINS, AD 193-211. AR Denarius. MAX/015